"""Chat models for conversational AI."""

from __future__ import annotations

import asyncio
import inspect
import json
import typing
import warnings
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
from functools import cached_property
from operator import itemgetter
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal, Optional, Union, cast

from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
from typing_extensions import override

from langchain_core._api import deprecated
from langchain_core.caches import BaseCache
from langchain_core.callbacks import (
    AsyncCallbackManager,
    AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun,
    BaseCallbackManager,
    CallbackManager,
    CallbackManagerForLLMRun,
    Callbacks,
)
from langchain_core.globals import get_llm_cache
from langchain_core.language_models._utils import _normalize_messages
from langchain_core.language_models.base import (
    BaseLanguageModel,
    LangSmithParams,
    LanguageModelInput,
)
from langchain_core.load import dumpd, dumps
from langchain_core.messages import (
    AIMessage,
    AnyMessage,
    BaseMessage,
    BaseMessageChunk,
    HumanMessage,
    convert_to_messages,
    convert_to_openai_image_block,
    is_data_content_block,
    message_chunk_to_message,
)
from langchain_core.messages.ai import _LC_ID_PREFIX
from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_tools import (
    JsonOutputKeyToolsParser,
    PydanticToolsParser,
)
from langchain_core.outputs import (
    ChatGeneration,
    ChatGenerationChunk,
    ChatResult,
    Generation,
    LLMResult,
    RunInfo,
)
from langchain_core.outputs.chat_generation import merge_chat_generation_chunks
from langchain_core.prompt_values import ChatPromptValue, PromptValue, StringPromptValue
from langchain_core.rate_limiters import BaseRateLimiter
from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableMap, RunnablePassthrough
from langchain_core.runnables.config import ensure_config, run_in_executor
from langchain_core.tracers._streaming import _StreamingCallbackHandler
from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import (
    convert_to_json_schema,
    convert_to_openai_tool,
)
from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import TypeBaseModel, is_basemodel_subclass

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import uuid

    from langchain_core.output_parsers.base import OutputParserLike
    from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableConfig
    from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool


def _generate_response_from_error(error: BaseException) -> list[ChatGeneration]:
    if hasattr(error, "response"):
        response = error.response
        metadata: dict = {}
        if hasattr(response, "json"):
            try:
                metadata["body"] = response.json()
            except Exception:
                metadata["body"] = getattr(response, "text", None)
        if hasattr(response, "headers"):
            try:
                metadata["headers"] = dict(response.headers)
            except Exception:
                metadata["headers"] = None
        if hasattr(response, "status_code"):
            metadata["status_code"] = response.status_code
        if hasattr(error, "request_id"):
            metadata["request_id"] = error.request_id
        generations = [
            ChatGeneration(message=AIMessage(content="", response_metadata=metadata))
        ]
    else:
        generations = []

    return generations


def _format_for_tracing(messages: list[BaseMessage]) -> list[BaseMessage]:
    """Format messages for tracing in ``on_chat_model_start``.

    - Update image content blocks to OpenAI Chat Completions format (backward
    compatibility).
    - Add ``type`` key to content blocks that have a single key.

    Args:
        messages: List of messages to format.

    Returns:
        List of messages formatted for tracing.

    """
    messages_to_trace = []
    for message in messages:
        message_to_trace = message
        if isinstance(message.content, list):
            for idx, block in enumerate(message.content):
                if isinstance(block, dict):
                    # Update image content blocks to OpenAI # Chat Completions format.
                    if (
                        block.get("type") == "image"
                        and is_data_content_block(block)
                        and block.get("source_type") != "id"
                    ):
                        if message_to_trace is message:
                            # Shallow copy
                            message_to_trace = message.model_copy()
                            message_to_trace.content = list(message_to_trace.content)

                        message_to_trace.content[idx] = (  # type: ignore[index]  # mypy confused by .model_copy
                            convert_to_openai_image_block(block)
                        )
                    elif len(block) == 1 and "type" not in block:
                        # Tracing assumes all content blocks have a "type" key. Here
                        # we add this key if it is missing, and there's an obvious
                        # choice for the type (e.g., a single key in the block).
                        if message_to_trace is message:
                            # Shallow copy
                            message_to_trace = message.model_copy()
                            message_to_trace.content = list(message_to_trace.content)
                        key = next(iter(block))
                        message_to_trace.content[idx] = {  # type: ignore[index]
                            "type": key,
                            key: block[key],
                        }
        messages_to_trace.append(message_to_trace)

    return messages_to_trace


def generate_from_stream(stream: Iterator[ChatGenerationChunk]) -> ChatResult:
    """Generate from a stream.

    Args:
        stream: Iterator of ``ChatGenerationChunk``.

    Raises:
        ValueError: If no generations are found in the stream.

    Returns:
        ChatResult: Chat result.

    """
    generation = next(stream, None)
    if generation:
        generation += list(stream)
    if generation is None:
        msg = "No generations found in stream."
        raise ValueError(msg)
    return ChatResult(
        generations=[
            ChatGeneration(
                message=message_chunk_to_message(generation.message),
                generation_info=generation.generation_info,
            )
        ]
    )


async def agenerate_from_stream(
    stream: AsyncIterator[ChatGenerationChunk],
) -> ChatResult:
    """Async generate from a stream.

    Args:
        stream: Iterator of ``ChatGenerationChunk``.

    Returns:
        ChatResult: Chat result.

    """
    chunks = [chunk async for chunk in stream]
    return await run_in_executor(None, generate_from_stream, iter(chunks))


def _format_ls_structured_output(ls_structured_output_format: Optional[dict]) -> dict:
    if ls_structured_output_format:
        try:
            ls_structured_output_format_dict = {
                "ls_structured_output_format": {
                    "kwargs": ls_structured_output_format.get("kwargs", {}),
                    "schema": convert_to_json_schema(
                        ls_structured_output_format["schema"]
                    ),
                }
            }
        except ValueError:
            ls_structured_output_format_dict = {}
    else:
        ls_structured_output_format_dict = {}

    return ls_structured_output_format_dict


class BaseChatModel(BaseLanguageModel[BaseMessage], ABC):
    """Base class for chat models.

    Key imperative methods:
        Methods that actually call the underlying model.

        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | Method                    | Input                                                          | Output                                                              | Description                                                                                      |
        +===========================+================================================================+=====================================================================+==================================================================================================+
        | `invoke`                  | str | list[dict | tuple | BaseMessage] | PromptValue           | BaseMessage                                                         | A single chat model call.                                                                        |
        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `ainvoke`                 | '''                                                            | BaseMessage                                                         | Defaults to running invoke in an async executor.                                                 |
        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `stream`                  | '''                                                            | Iterator[BaseMessageChunk]                                          | Defaults to yielding output of invoke.                                                           |
        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `astream`                 | '''                                                            | AsyncIterator[BaseMessageChunk]                                     | Defaults to yielding output of ainvoke.                                                          |
        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `astream_events`          | '''                                                            | AsyncIterator[StreamEvent]                                          | Event types: 'on_chat_model_start', 'on_chat_model_stream', 'on_chat_model_end'.                 |
        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `batch`                   | list[''']                                                      | list[BaseMessage]                                                   | Defaults to running invoke in concurrent threads.                                                |
        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `abatch`                  | list[''']                                                      | list[BaseMessage]                                                   | Defaults to running ainvoke in concurrent threads.                                               |
        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `batch_as_completed`      | list[''']                                                      | Iterator[tuple[int, Union[BaseMessage, Exception]]]                 | Defaults to running invoke in concurrent threads.                                                |
        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `abatch_as_completed`     | list[''']                                                      | AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Union[BaseMessage, Exception]]]            | Defaults to running ainvoke in concurrent threads.                                               |
        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

        This table provides a brief overview of the main imperative methods. Please see the base Runnable reference for full documentation.

    Key declarative methods:
        Methods for creating another Runnable using the ChatModel.

        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | Method                           | Description                                                                                               |
        +==================================+===========================================================================================================+
        | `bind_tools`                     | Create ChatModel that can call tools.                                                                     |
        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `with_structured_output`         | Create wrapper that structures model output using schema.                                                 |
        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `with_retry`                     | Create wrapper that retries model calls on failure.                                                       |
        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `with_fallbacks`                 | Create wrapper that falls back to other models on failure.                                                |
        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `configurable_fields`            | Specify init args of the model that can be configured at runtime via the RunnableConfig.                  |
        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
        | `configurable_alternatives`      | Specify alternative models which can be swapped in at runtime via the RunnableConfig.                     |
        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

        This table provides a brief overview of the main declarative methods. Please see the reference for each method for full documentation.

    Creating custom chat model:
        Custom chat model implementations should inherit from this class.
        Please reference the table below for information about which
        methods and properties are required or optional for implementations.

        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
        | Method/Property                  | Description                                                        | Required/Optional |
        +==================================+====================================================================+===================+
        | `_generate`                      | Use to generate a chat result from a prompt                        | Required          |
        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
        | `_llm_type` (property)           | Used to uniquely identify the type of the model. Used for logging. | Required          |
        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
        | `_identifying_params` (property) | Represent model parameterization for tracing purposes.             | Optional          |
        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
        | `_stream`                        | Use to implement streaming                                         | Optional          |
        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
        | `_agenerate`                     | Use to implement a native async method                             | Optional          |
        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
        | `_astream`                       | Use to implement async version of `_stream`                        | Optional          |
        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+

        Follow the guide for more information on how to implement a custom Chat Model:
        [Guide](https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/custom_chat_model/).

    """  # noqa: E501

    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = deprecated(
        name="callback_manager", since="0.1.7", removal="1.0", alternative="callbacks"
    )(
        Field(
            default=None,
            exclude=True,
            description="Callback manager to add to the run trace.",
        )
    )

    rate_limiter: Optional[BaseRateLimiter] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
    "An optional rate limiter to use for limiting the number of requests."

    disable_streaming: Union[bool, Literal["tool_calling"]] = False
    """Whether to disable streaming for this model.

    If streaming is bypassed, then ``stream()``/``astream()``/``astream_events()`` will
    defer to ``invoke()``/``ainvoke()``.

    - If True, will always bypass streaming case.
    - If ``'tool_calling'``, will bypass streaming case only when the model is called
      with a ``tools`` keyword argument. In other words, LangChain will automatically
      switch to non-streaming behavior (``invoke()``) only when the tools argument is
      provided. This offers the best of both worlds.
    - If False (default), will always use streaming case if available.

    The main reason for this flag is that code might be written using ``stream()`` and
    a user may want to swap out a given model for another model whose the implementation
    does not properly support streaming.

    """

    @model_validator(mode="before")
    @classmethod
    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
        """Emit deprecation warning if ``callback_manager`` is used.

        Args:
            values (Dict): Values to validate.

        Returns:
            Dict: Validated values.

        """
        if values.get("callback_manager") is not None:
            warnings.warn(
                "callback_manager is deprecated. Please use callbacks instead.",
                DeprecationWarning,
                stacklevel=5,
            )
            values["callbacks"] = values.pop("callback_manager", None)
        return values

    model_config = ConfigDict(
        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
    )

    @cached_property
    def _serialized(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
        return dumpd(self)

    # --- Runnable methods ---

    @property
    @override
    def OutputType(self) -> Any:
        """Get the output type for this runnable."""
        return AnyMessage

    def _convert_input(self, model_input: LanguageModelInput) -> PromptValue:
        if isinstance(model_input, PromptValue):
            return model_input
        if isinstance(model_input, str):
            return StringPromptValue(text=model_input)
        if isinstance(model_input, Sequence):
            return ChatPromptValue(messages=convert_to_messages(model_input))
        msg = (
            f"Invalid input type {type(model_input)}. "
            "Must be a PromptValue, str, or list of BaseMessages."
        )
        raise ValueError(msg)

    @override
    def invoke(
        self,
        input: LanguageModelInput,
        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
        *,
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> BaseMessage:
        config = ensure_config(config)
        return cast(
            "ChatGeneration",
            self.generate_prompt(
                [self._convert_input(input)],
                stop=stop,
                callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
                tags=config.get("tags"),
                metadata=config.get("metadata"),
                run_name=config.get("run_name"),
                run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
                **kwargs,
            ).generations[0][0],
        ).message

    @override
    async def ainvoke(
        self,
        input: LanguageModelInput,
        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
        *,
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> BaseMessage:
        config = ensure_config(config)
        llm_result = await self.agenerate_prompt(
            [self._convert_input(input)],
            stop=stop,
            callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
            tags=config.get("tags"),
            metadata=config.get("metadata"),
            run_name=config.get("run_name"),
            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
            **kwargs,
        )
        return cast("ChatGeneration", llm_result.generations[0][0]).message

    def _should_stream(
        self,
        *,
        async_api: bool,
        run_manager: Optional[
            Union[CallbackManagerForLLMRun, AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun]
        ] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> bool:
        """Determine if a given model call should hit the streaming API."""
        sync_not_implemented = type(self)._stream == BaseChatModel._stream  # noqa: SLF001
        async_not_implemented = type(self)._astream == BaseChatModel._astream  # noqa: SLF001

        # Check if streaming is implemented.
        if (not async_api) and sync_not_implemented:
            return False
        # Note, since async falls back to sync we check both here.
        if async_api and async_not_implemented and sync_not_implemented:
            return False

        # Check if streaming has been disabled on this instance.
        if self.disable_streaming is True:
            return False
        # We assume tools are passed in via "tools" kwarg in all models.
        if self.disable_streaming == "tool_calling" and kwargs.get("tools"):
            return False

        # Check if a runtime streaming flag has been passed in.
        if "stream" in kwargs:
            return kwargs["stream"]

        # Check if any streaming callback handlers have been passed in.
        handlers = run_manager.handlers if run_manager else []
        return any(isinstance(h, _StreamingCallbackHandler) for h in handlers)

    @override
    def stream(
        self,
        input: LanguageModelInput,
        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
        *,
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> Iterator[BaseMessageChunk]:
        if not self._should_stream(async_api=False, **{**kwargs, "stream": True}):
            # model doesn't implement streaming, so use default implementation
            yield cast(
                "BaseMessageChunk",
                self.invoke(input, config=config, stop=stop, **kwargs),
            )
        else:
            config = ensure_config(config)
            messages = self._convert_input(input).to_messages()
            ls_structured_output_format = kwargs.pop(
                "ls_structured_output_format", None
            ) or kwargs.pop("structured_output_format", None)
            ls_structured_output_format_dict = _format_ls_structured_output(
                ls_structured_output_format
            )

            params = self._get_invocation_params(stop=stop, **kwargs)
            options = {"stop": stop, **kwargs, **ls_structured_output_format_dict}
            inheritable_metadata = {
                **(config.get("metadata") or {}),
                **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
            }
            callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
                config.get("callbacks"),
                self.callbacks,
                self.verbose,
                config.get("tags"),
                self.tags,
                inheritable_metadata,
                self.metadata,
            )
            (run_manager,) = callback_manager.on_chat_model_start(
                self._serialized,
                [_format_for_tracing(messages)],
                invocation_params=params,
                options=options,
                name=config.get("run_name"),
                run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
                batch_size=1,
            )

            chunks: list[ChatGenerationChunk] = []

            if self.rate_limiter:
                self.rate_limiter.acquire(blocking=True)

            try:
                input_messages = _normalize_messages(messages)
                run_id = "-".join((_LC_ID_PREFIX, str(run_manager.run_id)))
                for chunk in self._stream(input_messages, stop=stop, **kwargs):
                    if chunk.message.id is None:
                        chunk.message.id = run_id
                    chunk.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(chunk)
                    run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
                        cast("str", chunk.message.content), chunk=chunk
                    )
                    chunks.append(chunk)
                    yield chunk.message
            except BaseException as e:
                generations_with_error_metadata = _generate_response_from_error(e)
                chat_generation_chunk = merge_chat_generation_chunks(chunks)
                if chat_generation_chunk:
                    generations = [
                        [chat_generation_chunk],
                        generations_with_error_metadata,
                    ]
                else:
                    generations = [generations_with_error_metadata]
                run_manager.on_llm_error(
                    e,
                    response=LLMResult(generations=generations),
                )
                raise

            generation = merge_chat_generation_chunks(chunks)
            if generation is None:
                err = ValueError("No generation chunks were returned")
                run_manager.on_llm_error(err, response=LLMResult(generations=[]))
                raise err

            run_manager.on_llm_end(LLMResult(generations=[[generation]]))

    @override
    async def astream(
        self,
        input: LanguageModelInput,
        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
        *,
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> AsyncIterator[BaseMessageChunk]:
        if not self._should_stream(async_api=True, **{**kwargs, "stream": True}):
            # No async or sync stream is implemented, so fall back to ainvoke
            yield cast(
                "BaseMessageChunk",
                await self.ainvoke(input, config=config, stop=stop, **kwargs),
            )
            return

        config = ensure_config(config)
        messages = self._convert_input(input).to_messages()

        ls_structured_output_format = kwargs.pop(
            "ls_structured_output_format", None
        ) or kwargs.pop("structured_output_format", None)
        ls_structured_output_format_dict = _format_ls_structured_output(
            ls_structured_output_format
        )

        params = self._get_invocation_params(stop=stop, **kwargs)
        options = {"stop": stop, **kwargs, **ls_structured_output_format_dict}
        inheritable_metadata = {
            **(config.get("metadata") or {}),
            **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
        }
        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
            config.get("callbacks"),
            self.callbacks,
            self.verbose,
            config.get("tags"),
            self.tags,
            inheritable_metadata,
            self.metadata,
        )
        (run_manager,) = await callback_manager.on_chat_model_start(
            self._serialized,
            [_format_for_tracing(messages)],
            invocation_params=params,
            options=options,
            name=config.get("run_name"),
            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
            batch_size=1,
        )

        if self.rate_limiter:
            await self.rate_limiter.aacquire(blocking=True)

        chunks: list[ChatGenerationChunk] = []

        try:
            input_messages = _normalize_messages(messages)
            run_id = "-".join((_LC_ID_PREFIX, str(run_manager.run_id)))
            async for chunk in self._astream(
                input_messages,
                stop=stop,
                **kwargs,
            ):
                if chunk.message.id is None:
                    chunk.message.id = run_id
                chunk.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(chunk)
                await run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
                    cast("str", chunk.message.content), chunk=chunk
                )
                chunks.append(chunk)
                yield chunk.message
        except BaseException as e:
            generations_with_error_metadata = _generate_response_from_error(e)
            chat_generation_chunk = merge_chat_generation_chunks(chunks)
            if chat_generation_chunk:
                generations = [[chat_generation_chunk], generations_with_error_metadata]
            else:
                generations = [generations_with_error_metadata]
            await run_manager.on_llm_error(
                e,
                response=LLMResult(generations=generations),
            )
            raise

        generation = merge_chat_generation_chunks(chunks)
        if not generation:
            err = ValueError("No generation chunks were returned")
            await run_manager.on_llm_error(err, response=LLMResult(generations=[]))
            raise err

        await run_manager.on_llm_end(
            LLMResult(generations=[[generation]]),
        )

    # --- Custom methods ---

    def _combine_llm_outputs(self, llm_outputs: list[Optional[dict]]) -> dict:  # noqa: ARG002
        return {}

    def _convert_cached_generations(self, cache_val: list) -> list[ChatGeneration]:
        """Convert cached Generation objects to ChatGeneration objects.

        Handle case where cache contains Generation objects instead of
        ChatGeneration objects. This can happen due to serialization/deserialization
        issues or legacy cache data (see #22389).

        Args:
            cache_val: List of cached generation objects.

        Returns:
            List of ChatGeneration objects.

        """
        converted_generations = []
        for gen in cache_val:
            if isinstance(gen, Generation) and not isinstance(gen, ChatGeneration):
                # Convert Generation to ChatGeneration by creating AIMessage
                # from the text content
                chat_gen = ChatGeneration(
                    message=AIMessage(content=gen.text),
                    generation_info=gen.generation_info,
                )
                converted_generations.append(chat_gen)
            else:
                # Already a ChatGeneration or other expected type
                if hasattr(gen, "message") and isinstance(gen.message, AIMessage):
                    # We zero out cost on cache hits
                    gen.message = gen.message.model_copy(
                        update={
                            "usage_metadata": {
                                **(gen.message.usage_metadata or {}),
                                "total_cost": 0,
                            }
                        }
                    )
                converted_generations.append(gen)
        return converted_generations

    def _get_invocation_params(
        self,
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> dict:
        params = self.dict()
        params["stop"] = stop
        return {**params, **kwargs}

    def _get_ls_params(
        self,
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> LangSmithParams:
        """Get standard params for tracing."""
        # get default provider from class name
        default_provider = self.__class__.__name__
        if default_provider.startswith("Chat"):
            default_provider = default_provider[4:].lower()
        elif default_provider.endswith("Chat"):
            default_provider = default_provider[:-4]
        default_provider = default_provider.lower()

        ls_params = LangSmithParams(ls_provider=default_provider, ls_model_type="chat")
        if stop:
            ls_params["ls_stop"] = stop

        # model
        if hasattr(self, "model") and isinstance(self.model, str):
            ls_params["ls_model_name"] = self.model
        elif hasattr(self, "model_name") and isinstance(self.model_name, str):
            ls_params["ls_model_name"] = self.model_name

        # temperature
        if "temperature" in kwargs and isinstance(kwargs["temperature"], float):
            ls_params["ls_temperature"] = kwargs["temperature"]
        elif hasattr(self, "temperature") and isinstance(self.temperature, float):
            ls_params["ls_temperature"] = self.temperature

        # max_tokens
        if "max_tokens" in kwargs and isinstance(kwargs["max_tokens"], int):
            ls_params["ls_max_tokens"] = kwargs["max_tokens"]
        elif hasattr(self, "max_tokens") and isinstance(self.max_tokens, int):
            ls_params["ls_max_tokens"] = self.max_tokens

        return ls_params

    def _get_llm_string(self, stop: Optional[list[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
        if self.is_lc_serializable():
            params = {**kwargs, "stop": stop}
            param_string = str(sorted(params.items()))
            # This code is not super efficient as it goes back and forth between
            # json and dict.
            serialized_repr = self._serialized
            _cleanup_llm_representation(serialized_repr, 1)
            llm_string = json.dumps(serialized_repr, sort_keys=True)
            return llm_string + "---" + param_string
        params = self._get_invocation_params(stop=stop, **kwargs)
        params = {**params, **kwargs}
        return str(sorted(params.items()))

    def generate(
        self,
        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
        *,
        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
        run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> LLMResult:
        """Pass a sequence of prompts to the model and return model generations.

        This method should make use of batched calls for models that expose a batched
        API.

        Use this method when you want to:

        1. Take advantage of batched calls,
        2. Need more output from the model than just the top generated value,
        3. Are building chains that are agnostic to the underlying language model
           type (e.g., pure text completion models vs chat models).

        Args:
            messages: List of list of messages.
            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
            tags: The tags to apply.
            metadata: The metadata to apply.
            run_name: The name of the run.
            run_id: The ID of the run.
            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
                to the model provider API call.

        Returns:
            An LLMResult, which contains a list of candidate Generations for each input
            prompt and additional model provider-specific output.

        """
        ls_structured_output_format = kwargs.pop(
            "ls_structured_output_format", None
        ) or kwargs.pop("structured_output_format", None)
        ls_structured_output_format_dict = _format_ls_structured_output(
            ls_structured_output_format
        )

        params = self._get_invocation_params(stop=stop, **kwargs)
        options = {"stop": stop, **ls_structured_output_format_dict}
        inheritable_metadata = {
            **(metadata or {}),
            **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
        }

        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
            callbacks,
            self.callbacks,
            self.verbose,
            tags,
            self.tags,
            inheritable_metadata,
            self.metadata,
        )
        messages_to_trace = [
            _format_for_tracing(message_list) for message_list in messages
        ]
        run_managers = callback_manager.on_chat_model_start(
            self._serialized,
            messages_to_trace,
            invocation_params=params,
            options=options,
            name=run_name,
            run_id=run_id,
            batch_size=len(messages),
        )
        results = []
        input_messages = [
            _normalize_messages(message_list) for message_list in messages
        ]
        for i, m in enumerate(input_messages):
            try:
                results.append(
                    self._generate_with_cache(
                        m,
                        stop=stop,
                        run_manager=run_managers[i] if run_managers else None,
                        **kwargs,
                    )
                )
            except BaseException as e:
                if run_managers:
                    generations_with_error_metadata = _generate_response_from_error(e)
                    run_managers[i].on_llm_error(
                        e,
                        response=LLMResult(
                            generations=[generations_with_error_metadata]
                        ),
                    )
                raise
        flattened_outputs = [
            LLMResult(generations=[res.generations], llm_output=res.llm_output)
            for res in results
        ]
        llm_output = self._combine_llm_outputs([res.llm_output for res in results])
        generations = [res.generations for res in results]
        output = LLMResult(generations=generations, llm_output=llm_output)
        if run_managers:
            run_infos = []
            for manager, flattened_output in zip(run_managers, flattened_outputs):
                manager.on_llm_end(flattened_output)
                run_infos.append(RunInfo(run_id=manager.run_id))
            output.run = run_infos
        return output

    async def agenerate(
        self,
        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
        *,
        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
        run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> LLMResult:
        """Asynchronously pass a sequence of prompts to a model and return generations.

        This method should make use of batched calls for models that expose a batched
        API.

        Use this method when you want to:

        1. Take advantage of batched calls,
        2. Need more output from the model than just the top generated value,
        3. Are building chains that are agnostic to the underlying language model
           type (e.g., pure text completion models vs chat models).

        Args:
            messages: List of list of messages.
            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
            tags: The tags to apply.
            metadata: The metadata to apply.
            run_name: The name of the run.
            run_id: The ID of the run.
            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
                to the model provider API call.

        Returns:
            An LLMResult, which contains a list of candidate Generations for each input
            prompt and additional model provider-specific output.

        """
        ls_structured_output_format = kwargs.pop(
            "ls_structured_output_format", None
        ) or kwargs.pop("structured_output_format", None)
        ls_structured_output_format_dict = _format_ls_structured_output(
            ls_structured_output_format
        )

        params = self._get_invocation_params(stop=stop, **kwargs)
        options = {"stop": stop, **ls_structured_output_format_dict}
        inheritable_metadata = {
            **(metadata or {}),
            **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
        }

        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
            callbacks,
            self.callbacks,
            self.verbose,
            tags,
            self.tags,
            inheritable_metadata,
            self.metadata,
        )

        messages_to_trace = [
            _format_for_tracing(message_list) for message_list in messages
        ]
        run_managers = await callback_manager.on_chat_model_start(
            self._serialized,
            messages_to_trace,
            invocation_params=params,
            options=options,
            name=run_name,
            batch_size=len(messages),
            run_id=run_id,
        )

        input_messages = [
            _normalize_messages(message_list) for message_list in messages
        ]
        results = await asyncio.gather(
            *[
                self._agenerate_with_cache(
                    m,
                    stop=stop,
                    run_manager=run_managers[i] if run_managers else None,
                    **kwargs,
                )
                for i, m in enumerate(input_messages)
            ],
            return_exceptions=True,
        )
        exceptions = []
        for i, res in enumerate(results):
            if isinstance(res, BaseException):
                if run_managers:
                    generations_with_error_metadata = _generate_response_from_error(res)
                    await run_managers[i].on_llm_error(
                        res,
                        response=LLMResult(
                            generations=[generations_with_error_metadata]
                        ),
                    )
                exceptions.append(res)
        if exceptions:
            if run_managers:
                await asyncio.gather(
                    *[
                        run_manager.on_llm_end(
                            LLMResult(
                                generations=[res.generations],  # type: ignore[union-attr]
                                llm_output=res.llm_output,  # type: ignore[union-attr]
                            )
                        )
                        for run_manager, res in zip(run_managers, results)
                        if not isinstance(res, Exception)
                    ]
                )
            raise exceptions[0]
        flattened_outputs = [
            LLMResult(generations=[res.generations], llm_output=res.llm_output)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
            for res in results
        ]
        llm_output = self._combine_llm_outputs([res.llm_output for res in results])  # type: ignore[union-attr]
        generations = [res.generations for res in results]  # type: ignore[union-attr]
        output = LLMResult(generations=generations, llm_output=llm_output)
        await asyncio.gather(
            *[
                run_manager.on_llm_end(flattened_output)
                for run_manager, flattened_output in zip(
                    run_managers, flattened_outputs
                )
            ]
        )
        if run_managers:
            output.run = [
                RunInfo(run_id=run_manager.run_id) for run_manager in run_managers
            ]
        return output

    @override
    def generate_prompt(
        self,
        prompts: list[PromptValue],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> LLMResult:
        prompt_messages = [p.to_messages() for p in prompts]
        return self.generate(prompt_messages, stop=stop, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs)

    @override
    async def agenerate_prompt(
        self,
        prompts: list[PromptValue],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> LLMResult:
        prompt_messages = [p.to_messages() for p in prompts]
        return await self.agenerate(
            prompt_messages, stop=stop, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
        )

    def _generate_with_cache(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> ChatResult:
        llm_cache = self.cache if isinstance(self.cache, BaseCache) else get_llm_cache()
        # We should check the cache unless it's explicitly set to False
        # A None cache means we should use the default global cache
        # if it's configured.
        check_cache = self.cache or self.cache is None
        if check_cache:
            if llm_cache:
                llm_string = self._get_llm_string(stop=stop, **kwargs)
                prompt = dumps(messages)
                cache_val = llm_cache.lookup(prompt, llm_string)
                if isinstance(cache_val, list):
                    converted_generations = self._convert_cached_generations(cache_val)
                    return ChatResult(generations=converted_generations)
            elif self.cache is None:
                pass
            else:
                msg = "Asked to cache, but no cache found at `langchain.cache`."
                raise ValueError(msg)

        # Apply the rate limiter after checking the cache, since
        # we usually don't want to rate limit cache lookups, but
        # we do want to rate limit API requests.
        if self.rate_limiter:
            self.rate_limiter.acquire(blocking=True)

        # If stream is not explicitly set, check if implicitly requested by
        # astream_events() or astream_log(). Bail out if _stream not implemented
        if self._should_stream(
            async_api=False,
            run_manager=run_manager,
            **kwargs,
        ):
            chunks: list[ChatGenerationChunk] = []
            for chunk in self._stream(messages, stop=stop, **kwargs):
                chunk.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(chunk)
                if run_manager:
                    if chunk.message.id is None:
                        chunk.message.id = f"{_LC_ID_PREFIX}-{run_manager.run_id}"
                    run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
                        cast("str", chunk.message.content), chunk=chunk
                    )
                chunks.append(chunk)
            result = generate_from_stream(iter(chunks))
        elif inspect.signature(self._generate).parameters.get("run_manager"):
            result = self._generate(
                messages, stop=stop, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs
            )
        else:
            result = self._generate(messages, stop=stop, **kwargs)

        # Add response metadata to each generation
        for idx, generation in enumerate(result.generations):
            if run_manager and generation.message.id is None:
                generation.message.id = f"{_LC_ID_PREFIX}-{run_manager.run_id}-{idx}"
            generation.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(
                generation
            )
        if len(result.generations) == 1 and result.llm_output is not None:
            result.generations[0].message.response_metadata = {
                **result.llm_output,
                **result.generations[0].message.response_metadata,
            }
        if check_cache and llm_cache:
            llm_cache.update(prompt, llm_string, result.generations)
        return result

    async def _agenerate_with_cache(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> ChatResult:
        llm_cache = self.cache if isinstance(self.cache, BaseCache) else get_llm_cache()
        # We should check the cache unless it's explicitly set to False
        # A None cache means we should use the default global cache
        # if it's configured.
        check_cache = self.cache or self.cache is None
        if check_cache:
            if llm_cache:
                llm_string = self._get_llm_string(stop=stop, **kwargs)
                prompt = dumps(messages)
                cache_val = await llm_cache.alookup(prompt, llm_string)
                if isinstance(cache_val, list):
                    converted_generations = self._convert_cached_generations(cache_val)
                    return ChatResult(generations=converted_generations)
            elif self.cache is None:
                pass
            else:
                msg = "Asked to cache, but no cache found at `langchain.cache`."
                raise ValueError(msg)

        # Apply the rate limiter after checking the cache, since
        # we usually don't want to rate limit cache lookups, but
        # we do want to rate limit API requests.
        if self.rate_limiter:
            await self.rate_limiter.aacquire(blocking=True)

        # If stream is not explicitly set, check if implicitly requested by
        # astream_events() or astream_log(). Bail out if _astream not implemented
        if self._should_stream(
            async_api=True,
            run_manager=run_manager,
            **kwargs,
        ):
            chunks: list[ChatGenerationChunk] = []
            async for chunk in self._astream(messages, stop=stop, **kwargs):
                chunk.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(chunk)
                if run_manager:
                    if chunk.message.id is None:
                        chunk.message.id = f"{_LC_ID_PREFIX}-{run_manager.run_id}"
                    await run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
                        cast("str", chunk.message.content), chunk=chunk
                    )
                chunks.append(chunk)
            result = generate_from_stream(iter(chunks))
        elif inspect.signature(self._agenerate).parameters.get("run_manager"):
            result = await self._agenerate(
                messages, stop=stop, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs
            )
        else:
            result = await self._agenerate(messages, stop=stop, **kwargs)

        # Add response metadata to each generation
        for idx, generation in enumerate(result.generations):
            if run_manager and generation.message.id is None:
                generation.message.id = f"{_LC_ID_PREFIX}-{run_manager.run_id}-{idx}"
            generation.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(
                generation
            )
        if len(result.generations) == 1 and result.llm_output is not None:
            result.generations[0].message.response_metadata = {
                **result.llm_output,
                **result.generations[0].message.response_metadata,
            }
        if check_cache and llm_cache:
            await llm_cache.aupdate(prompt, llm_string, result.generations)
        return result

    @abstractmethod
    def _generate(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> ChatResult:
        """Generate the result.

        Args:
            messages: The messages to generate from.
            stop: Optional list of stop words to use when generating.
            run_manager: Optional callback manager to use for this call.
            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the model.

        Returns:
            The chat result.
        """

    async def _agenerate(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> ChatResult:
        """Generate the result.

        Args:
            messages: The messages to generate from.
            stop: Optional list of stop words to use when generating.
            run_manager: Optional callback manager to use for this call.
            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the model.

        Returns:
            The chat result.
        """
        return await run_in_executor(
            None,
            self._generate,
            messages,
            stop,
            run_manager.get_sync() if run_manager else None,
            **kwargs,
        )

    def _stream(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> Iterator[ChatGenerationChunk]:
        """Stream the output of the model.

        Args:
            messages: The messages to generate from.
            stop: Optional list of stop words to use when generating.
            run_manager: Optional callback manager to use for this call.
            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the model.

        Yields:
            The chat generation chunks.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    async def _astream(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> AsyncIterator[ChatGenerationChunk]:
        """Stream the output of the model.

        Args:
            messages: The messages to generate from.
            stop: Optional list of stop words to use when generating.
            run_manager: Optional callback manager to use for this call.
            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the model.

        Yields:
            The chat generation chunks.
        """
        iterator = await run_in_executor(
            None,
            self._stream,
            messages,
            stop,
            run_manager.get_sync() if run_manager else None,
            **kwargs,
        )
        done = object()
        while True:
            item = await run_in_executor(
                None,
                next,
                iterator,
                done,
            )
            if item is done:
                break
            yield item  # type: ignore[misc]

    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
    def __call__(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> BaseMessage:
        """Call the model.

        Args:
            messages: List of messages.
            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
                to the model provider API call.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the generation is not a chat generation.

        Returns:
            The model output message.

        """
        generation = self.generate(
            [messages], stop=stop, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
        ).generations[0][0]
        if isinstance(generation, ChatGeneration):
            return generation.message
        msg = "Unexpected generation type"
        raise ValueError(msg)

    async def _call_async(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> BaseMessage:
        result = await self.agenerate(
            [messages], stop=stop, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
        )
        generation = result.generations[0][0]
        if isinstance(generation, ChatGeneration):
            return generation.message
        msg = "Unexpected generation type"
        raise ValueError(msg)

    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
    def call_as_llm(
        self, message: str, stop: Optional[list[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
    ) -> str:
        """Call the model.

        Args:
            message: The input message.
            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
                to the model provider API call.

        Returns:
            The model output string.

        """
        return self.predict(message, stop=stop, **kwargs)

    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
    @override
    def predict(
        self, text: str, *, stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
    ) -> str:
        """Predict the next message.

        Args:
            text: The input message.
            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
                to the model provider API call.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the output is not a string.

        Returns:
            The predicted output string.

        """
        stop_ = None if stop is None else list(stop)
        result = self([HumanMessage(content=text)], stop=stop_, **kwargs)
        if isinstance(result.content, str):
            return result.content
        msg = "Cannot use predict when output is not a string."
        raise ValueError(msg)

    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
    @override
    def predict_messages(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        *,
        stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> BaseMessage:
        stop_ = None if stop is None else list(stop)
        return self(messages, stop=stop_, **kwargs)

    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
    @override
    async def apredict(
        self, text: str, *, stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
    ) -> str:
        stop_ = None if stop is None else list(stop)
        result = await self._call_async(
            [HumanMessage(content=text)], stop=stop_, **kwargs
        )
        if isinstance(result.content, str):
            return result.content
        msg = "Cannot use predict when output is not a string."
        raise ValueError(msg)

    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
    @override
    async def apredict_messages(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        *,
        stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> BaseMessage:
        stop_ = None if stop is None else list(stop)
        return await self._call_async(messages, stop=stop_, **kwargs)

    @property
    @abstractmethod
    def _llm_type(self) -> str:
        """Return type of chat model."""

    @override
    def dict(self, **kwargs: Any) -> dict:
        """Return a dictionary of the LLM."""
        starter_dict = dict(self._identifying_params)
        starter_dict["_type"] = self._llm_type
        return starter_dict

    def bind_tools(
        self,
        tools: Sequence[
            Union[typing.Dict[str, Any], type, Callable, BaseTool]  # noqa: UP006
        ],
        *,
        tool_choice: Optional[Union[str]] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> Runnable[LanguageModelInput, BaseMessage]:
        """Bind tools to the model.

        Args:
            tools: Sequence of tools to bind to the model.
            tool_choice: The tool to use. If "any" then any tool can be used.

        Returns:
            A Runnable that returns a message.

        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def with_structured_output(
        self,
        schema: Union[typing.Dict, type],  # noqa: UP006
        *,
        include_raw: bool = False,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> Runnable[LanguageModelInput, Union[typing.Dict, BaseModel]]:  # noqa: UP006
        """Model wrapper that returns outputs formatted to match the given schema.

        Args:
            schema: The output schema. Can be passed in as:

                - an OpenAI function/tool schema,
                - a JSON Schema,
                - a TypedDict class,
                - or a Pydantic class.

                If ``schema`` is a Pydantic class then the model output will be a
                Pydantic instance of that class, and the model-generated fields will be
                validated by the Pydantic class. Otherwise the model output will be a
                dict and will not be validated. See :meth:`langchain_core.utils.function_calling.convert_to_openai_tool`
                for more on how to properly specify types and descriptions of
                schema fields when specifying a Pydantic or TypedDict class.

            include_raw:
                If False then only the parsed structured output is returned. If
                an error occurs during model output parsing it will be raised. If True
                then both the raw model response (a BaseMessage) and the parsed model
                response will be returned. If an error occurs during output parsing it
                will be caught and returned as well. The final output is always a dict
                with keys ``'raw'``, ``'parsed'``, and ``'parsing_error'``.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If there are any unsupported ``kwargs``.
            NotImplementedError: If the model does not implement
                ``with_structured_output()``.

        Returns:
            A Runnable that takes same inputs as a :class:`langchain_core.language_models.chat.BaseChatModel`.

            If ``include_raw`` is False and ``schema`` is a Pydantic class, Runnable outputs
            an instance of ``schema`` (i.e., a Pydantic object).

            Otherwise, if ``include_raw`` is False then Runnable outputs a dict.

            If ``include_raw`` is True, then Runnable outputs a dict with keys:

            - ``'raw'``: BaseMessage
            - ``'parsed'``: None if there was a parsing error, otherwise the type depends on the ``schema`` as described above.
            - ``'parsing_error'``: Optional[BaseException]

        Example: Pydantic schema (include_raw=False):
            .. code-block:: python

                from pydantic import BaseModel


                class AnswerWithJustification(BaseModel):
                    '''An answer to the user question along with justification for the answer.'''

                    answer: str
                    justification: str


                llm = ChatModel(model="model-name", temperature=0)
                structured_llm = llm.with_structured_output(AnswerWithJustification)

                structured_llm.invoke(
                    "What weighs more a pound of bricks or a pound of feathers"
                )

                # -> AnswerWithJustification(
                #     answer='They weigh the same',
                #     justification='Both a pound of bricks and a pound of feathers weigh one pound. The weight is the same, but the volume or density of the objects may differ.'
                # )

        Example: Pydantic schema (include_raw=True):
            .. code-block:: python

                from pydantic import BaseModel


                class AnswerWithJustification(BaseModel):
                    '''An answer to the user question along with justification for the answer.'''

                    answer: str
                    justification: str


                llm = ChatModel(model="model-name", temperature=0)
                structured_llm = llm.with_structured_output(
                    AnswerWithJustification, include_raw=True
                )

                structured_llm.invoke(
                    "What weighs more a pound of bricks or a pound of feathers"
                )
                # -> {
                #     'raw': AIMessage(content='', additional_kwargs={'tool_calls': [{'id': 'call_Ao02pnFYXD6GN1yzc0uXPsvF', 'function': {'arguments': '{"answer":"They weigh the same.","justification":"Both a pound of bricks and a pound of feathers weigh one pound. The weight is the same, but the volume or density of the objects may differ."}', 'name': 'AnswerWithJustification'}, 'type': 'function'}]}),
                #     'parsed': AnswerWithJustification(answer='They weigh the same.', justification='Both a pound of bricks and a pound of feathers weigh one pound. The weight is the same, but the volume or density of the objects may differ.'),
                #     'parsing_error': None
                # }

        Example: Dict schema (include_raw=False):
            .. code-block:: python

                from pydantic import BaseModel
                from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import convert_to_openai_tool


                class AnswerWithJustification(BaseModel):
                    '''An answer to the user question along with justification for the answer.'''

                    answer: str
                    justification: str


                dict_schema = convert_to_openai_tool(AnswerWithJustification)
                llm = ChatModel(model="model-name", temperature=0)
                structured_llm = llm.with_structured_output(dict_schema)

                structured_llm.invoke(
                    "What weighs more a pound of bricks or a pound of feathers"
                )
                # -> {
                #     'answer': 'They weigh the same',
                #     'justification': 'Both a pound of bricks and a pound of feathers weigh one pound. The weight is the same, but the volume and density of the two substances differ.'
                # }

        .. versionchanged:: 0.2.26

                Added support for TypedDict class.

        """  # noqa: E501
        _ = kwargs.pop("method", None)
        _ = kwargs.pop("strict", None)
        if kwargs:
            msg = f"Received unsupported arguments {kwargs}"
            raise ValueError(msg)

        if type(self).bind_tools is BaseChatModel.bind_tools:
            msg = "with_structured_output is not implemented for this model."
            raise NotImplementedError(msg)

        llm = self.bind_tools(
            [schema],
            tool_choice="any",
            ls_structured_output_format={
                "kwargs": {"method": "function_calling"},
                "schema": schema,
            },
        )
        if isinstance(schema, type) and is_basemodel_subclass(schema):
            output_parser: OutputParserLike = PydanticToolsParser(
                tools=[cast("TypeBaseModel", schema)], first_tool_only=True
            )
        else:
            key_name = convert_to_openai_tool(schema)["function"]["name"]
            output_parser = JsonOutputKeyToolsParser(
                key_name=key_name, first_tool_only=True
            )
        if include_raw:
            parser_assign = RunnablePassthrough.assign(
                parsed=itemgetter("raw") | output_parser, parsing_error=lambda _: None
            )
            parser_none = RunnablePassthrough.assign(parsed=lambda _: None)
            parser_with_fallback = parser_assign.with_fallbacks(
                [parser_none], exception_key="parsing_error"
            )
            return RunnableMap(raw=llm) | parser_with_fallback
        return llm | output_parser


class SimpleChatModel(BaseChatModel):
    """Simplified implementation for a chat model to inherit from.

    .. note::
        This implementation is primarily here for backwards compatibility. For new
        implementations, please use ``BaseChatModel`` directly.

    """

    def _generate(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> ChatResult:
        output_str = self._call(messages, stop=stop, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs)
        message = AIMessage(content=output_str)
        generation = ChatGeneration(message=message)
        return ChatResult(generations=[generation])

    @abstractmethod
    def _call(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> str:
        """Simpler interface."""

    async def _agenerate(
        self,
        messages: list[BaseMessage],
        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> ChatResult:
        return await run_in_executor(
            None,
            self._generate,
            messages,
            stop=stop,
            run_manager=run_manager.get_sync() if run_manager else None,
            **kwargs,
        )


def _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(
    generation: Union[ChatGeneration, ChatGenerationChunk],
) -> dict:
    return {
        **(generation.generation_info or {}),
        **generation.message.response_metadata,
    }


def _cleanup_llm_representation(serialized: Any, depth: int) -> None:
    """Remove non-serializable objects from a serialized object."""
    if depth > 100:  # Don't cooperate for pathological cases
        return

    if not isinstance(serialized, dict):
        return

    if (
        "type" in serialized
        and serialized["type"] == "not_implemented"
        and "repr" in serialized
    ):
        del serialized["repr"]

    if "graph" in serialized:
        del serialized["graph"]

    if "kwargs" in serialized:
        kwargs = serialized["kwargs"]

        for value in kwargs.values():
            _cleanup_llm_representation(value, depth + 1)
